Understanding Ovarian Cysts: Types, Symptoms, and Diagnostic Methods

The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system that produces eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Small cyst-like structures called follicles are always formed on the ovaries at some phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and release eggs. However, at times, follicles or some other parts of the ovaries can become cysts.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs formed on or within the ovaries and can be harmless, often disappearing without treatment. This is a fairly common condition and even though they are benign and symptomatic, sometimes, these cysts can cause symptoms and lead to serious health complications.

The vast majority of ovarian cysts are benign and may be asymptomatic. Some of them, though, can present with complications such as rupture of the cyst or twisting of the ovary (ovarian torsion). The recognition of symptoms early enough, consultation with a gynaecologist, and being informed about the methods of diagnosing in gynaecology can really help manage ovarian health.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are many different types of ovarian cysts, but the most common are the functional cysts that develop during the menstrual cycle. Other cysts include pathological cysts, which are less common but require more medical attention from a gynaecology expert.

Functional Cysts

Functional cysts are the most common type and are typically benign. Since they are linked to the ovulation cycle, most of these cysts spontaneously resolve within a few months.

• Follicular Cysts: The follicular cyst arises when a follicle does not release an egg at ovulation. Instead, the follicle expands to become a cyst. Follicular cysts are commonly painless and may regress spontaneously.
• Corpus Luteum Cysts: Once the follicle releases the egg, it develops into a body that is the corpus luteum and produces hormones for sustaining pregnancy if the woman becomes pregnant. In some cases, the corpus luteum fills up with fluid or blood and turns into cysts. Such usually resolve spontaneously but may cause discomfort when they rupture.

Pathological Cysts

Pathological cysts are unrelated to the menstrual cycle and may be caused by abnormal cell growth. Such cysts must undergo evaluation in a medical environment so that a proper course of action can be planned for treatment.

• Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas): These cysts contain tissue, such as hair or teeth, because they are of cellular origin and can develop into different types of body tissues. Dermoid cysts may grow large and need to be surgically removed if they become symptomatic.
• Cystadenomas: These are cystic tumours that arise on the outer surface of the ovary. They may contain a watery or mucus-like liquid. While benign in nature, these can become enormous and very painful. In fact, surgery may be required.
• Endometriomas: These are cysts resulting from endometriosis. Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrial tissue grows in areas away from the uterus, such as on the ovaries. It is a painful condition and can also lead to infertility.

PCOD

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, or PCOS, is a medical condition in which numerous small cysts are produced on the ovaries due to hormonal imbalances. Some of the signs of PCOS are unpredictable menstruation, excessive hair growth on the body and face, acne, and difficulty conceiving. Although it is not a serious disease, it can increase a patient's chances of developing complications like diabetes and heart disease if left untreated.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Usually, ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms, especially when the cyst is small and self-resolving. When the cyst is already large or contributes to complications, it may present signs and symptoms. Some of these are as follows:

• Pelvic pain: This tends to be sharp, or constant and usually arises on one side of the abdomen. The pain often worsens during menstruation or sexual intercourse.
• Bloating or abdominal swelling: Growing cysts sometimes cause fullness or bloating of the abdomen.
• Changes in menstrual cycle: In some cases, the ovarian cyst will cause irregular periods, heavier or lighter bleeding, or spotting between the periods. These may be manifestations of ovarian cysts.
• Pain during intercourse: Large-sized cysts sometimes cause pains during sexual intercourse.
• Frequent urination or distension of the abdomen due to the presentation of cysts in the bladder.
• Nausea or vomiting that occurs when a cyst ruptures and affects ovarian torsion with extreme pain.

Ovarian cysts could sometimes lead to such complications as:

• Ovarian torsion: This is when an ovary becomes twisted because of a large cyst that cuts off its blood supply. Ovarian torsion is an emergent condition and requires immediate attention.
• Ruptured cyst: When a cyst ruptures, there could be sharp pain due to internal bleeding. It is a situation that requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnostic techniques for ovarian cysts

If you feel or notice some of the symptoms which indicate the presence of an ovarian cyst, then visit your gynaecologist to assess and treat it. Here are some of the diagnostic methods to diagnose ovarian cysts:

Pelvic Exam

In a simple pelvic exam, a doctor would be able to feel for any abnormalities in your ovaries or uterus. He/she probably won't be able to detect very small cysts based on a physical examination alone.Therefore, further testing will be required.

Blood Tests

CA-125 test can be used as an aid in diagnosing ovarian cancer. CA-125 is a protein typically found in the blood of ovarian cancer patients. However, not all women with ovarian cancer have elevated levels of CA-125. CA-125 is present in some women without ovarian cancer, such as those with endometriosis or inflammation.

Doctors often prescribe this test if they suspect anything or in case of concerns that may point to ovarian cancer since it may help them get more specific information that will guide further testing and treatment.

Laparoscopy

In other cases, the surgeon will conduct a laparoscopy - a procedure, in which a minicamera is placed inside the abdominal cavity through an incision to inspect or remove the cysts.

Hormone Level Tests

Hormone tests may help diagnose hormonal imbalances, like PCOS, which is a contributory factor to cyst formation. Hormonal tests measure the blood levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts, in a nutshell, are pretty common in women. They tend to be benign and oftentimes resolve on their own without causing symptoms. Some cysts, however, such as pathological cysts or those associated with other conditions, will certainly be noticed. Therefore, in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment so that complications can be controlled, one is supposed to know the symptoms of ovarian cysts.

With advanced diagnostic techniques, doctors can effectively identify and evaluate the nature of the cysts. Early detection can help manage the condition and prevent complications.

Understanding ovarian cysts, their types, symptoms, and diagnostic methods enables women to make informed decisions about their reproductive health and seek appropriate care when needed. Regular medical checkups and paying attention to symptoms are key to managing ovarian health effectively.

Marengo Asia Hospitals deliver much-needed care services in gynaecology, among many others, to those who may be giving signs of ovarian cysts. Book your appointment with us so we can ensure early detection and the best treatment for you. Our talented and experienced gynaecologists will guide you in managing your reproductive health and securing your well-being.